PCB (Printed Circuit Board), commonly known as the printed board, is a vital component in the electronics industry. Virtually every electronic device, from small ones like wristwatches and calculators to larger ones such as computers, communication electronics, and weapon systems, requires PCBs for electrical interconnections between integrated circuits and other electronic components. These boards consist of insulating substrates, connecting conductors, and pads for mounting and welding electronic components, serving both as conductive pathways and insulating bases. PCBs can replace complex wiring, facilitate electrical connections among circuit components, simplify assembly and welding processes, reduce wiring labor, significantly lighten workers' workload; and also reduce the overall size of the product, lower costs, and enhance the quality and reliability of electronic devices. They offer good product consistency, allowing for standardized design and facilitating mechanization and automation in the production process. Moreover, fully assembled and debugged PCBs can serve as independent spare parts, making it easier to interchange and repair whole products. Currently, PCBs are widely used in the manufacturing of electronic products.

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) were initially made using paper-based copper-clad substrates. Since the advent of semiconductor transistors in the 1950s, the demand for PCBs has surged dramatically. The rapid development and widespread use of integrated circuits have led to increasingly smaller electronic devices, with higher circuit routing densities and complexities, necessitating constant PCB upgrades. Today, PCB varieties have evolved from single-sided to double-sided, multilayer, and flexible boards; their structures and quality have advanced to ultra-high density, miniaturization, and high reliability levels; and new design methods, materials, and manufacturing processes are continually emerging. In recent years, various computer-aided design (CAD) software applications for PCBs have become widespread in the industry, and in specialized PCB manufacturers, mechanized and automated production has completely replaced manual operations.

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