PCB (printed circuit board) stands for printed circuit board, a vital component in the electronics industry. Virtually every electronic device, from tiny ones like watches and calculators to larger ones such as computers, communication equipment, and weapon systems, uses PCBs if they contain integrated circuits or other electronic components. PCBs are essential for the electrical interconnection of various components. They consist of an insulating substrate, connecting wires, and pads for mounting and soldering electronic components, serving both as conductive paths and insulating substrates. They can replace complex wiring, facilitate electrical connections among circuit components, simplify assembly and soldering processes, reduce wiring labor, and greatly ease the workload on workers. Moreover, they help to reduce the overall size of the product, lower costs, and enhance the quality and reliability of electronic equipment. PCBs offer excellent product consistency, allowing for standardized designs that promote mechanization and automation in production. Additionally, fully assembled and debugged PCBs can serve as standalone spare parts, facilitating product interchangeability and repair. PCBs are now widely used in the production of electronic products.

Printed circuit boards were initially made using paper-based copper-clad laminates. Since the emergence of semiconductor transistors in the 1950s, the demand for PCBs has surged. Particularly with the rapid development and widespread use of integrated circuits, electronic devices have become increasingly compact, with higher circuit routing density and complexity, necessitating continuous PCB advancements. Today, PCB varieties have evolved from single-sided to double-sided, multi-layer, and flexible boards; structures and quality have reached ultra-high density, miniaturization, and high reliability levels; new design methods, materials, and manufacturing processes are constantly emerging. In recent years, various computer-aided design (CAD) software applications for printed circuit boards have become widespread in the industry, and in specialized PCB manufacturers, mechanized and automated production has completely replaced manual operations.

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