Logistics is a necessary condition for the conduct of international trade. The large-scale, socialized production on a global scale inevitably leads to different international divisions of labor, and no single country can encompass everything. Therefore, international cooperation is required.
The meaning of international logistics:
The scope of international logistics research encompasses areas such as international trade logistics, non-trade international logistics, international logistics investment, international logistics cooperation, and international logistics exchange. International trade logistics primarily refers to the organization of goods' rational movement across borders. Non-trade international logistics includes sectors like international exhibition and exhibit logistics, international postal logistics, etc. International logistics cooperation involves enterprises from different countries collaborating on significant international economic and technical projects. International logistics investment pertains to logistics companies from various countries pooling resources to establish international logistics enterprises.
Characteristics of international logistics:
In general, international logistics connects various national logistics systems, thus it boasts features such as a broad market, international nature, complexity, high risk, and diverse options for transportation modes and combinations compared to domestic logistics systems.
Viewing the forms of international logistics from the perspective of its formation in international logistics:
(1) Manufacturing companies export products through their export departments to importing countries.
(2) Business companies and their export departments establish branches or overseas offices in the importing country to conduct sales activities.
(3) Factories and import departments organize the export of goods directly.
(4) Establish overseas offices in the importing country for factories, exporting goods components and assembling or processing them domestically.
(5) Factories in the importing country are established, with the raw materials primarily sourced domestically, with a small portion imported from the exporting country.
(6) Operation of international logistics companies, providing specialized services for international trade and cross-border business operations, enhancing service efficiency, and allowing industrial and commercial enterprises to focus on their core competitive strengths.
From the perspective of material transportation methods, examining the forms of international logistics:
(1) Land Transport Logistics (including road and rail combined transportation logistics). Neighboring countries by land typically opt for land-based cargo transportation methods, with major transport vehicles being trains and trucks, etc.
(2) Ocean Freight Logistics. The majority of international logistics goods are transported by sea, with vessels being the primary mode of transportation.
(3) Air freight logistics. Valuable and small-quantity goods often use aircraft or regular passenger flights to complete air cargo transportation to ensure timeliness.
(4) Pipeline Logistics. This is a transportation method that utilizes the pressure from high-pressure air pumps to transport goods within pipelines to their destination. The medium transported via pipelines has expanded from the common oil and natural gas to include coal and iron ore, among others.
(5) Multimodal transportation logistics, referring to the transportation of goods from one country to another under a multimodal transport contract, utilizing at least two different modes of transport, and carried out by a multimodal transport operator.
(6) Postal Logistics, referring to the shipment of small quantities of international goods in postal parcels. The specific transportation methods are not fixed, but mainly consist of air and land transport.
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