The operation principle of a counterflow closed-loop cooling tower, internal recirculating water system: The circulating water is heated by heat exchange with the heat source and enters the heat exchanger. Heat is transferred to the outside through the heat exchanger tubes, and the cooled circulating water is then sent back to the heat source by the system's circulating pump.

The external recirculating water system: The spray water is transported from the lower water trough to the upper distribution pipeline by the sprinkling water pump. After being sprayed out, it comes into contact with the tubes of the heat exchanger, and some of the water evaporates, carrying away heat. The cooled spray water then falls back into the lower water trough for another cycle. The internal recirculating water undergoes heat exchange through the heat exchanger tubes (coiled pipes), preventing direct contact with the external recirculating water and air, thereby avoiding water quality contamination.