The main characteristics of the buried bellows compensator include: providing greater directional compensation within a smaller size range. The buried bellows compensator exhibits excellent resistance to high temperatures and corrosion. It transmits no force, and there are no special requirements for the fixed and guided supports of the pipeline, allowing for simplified design and material savings. The development and application of the buried bellows compensator: As a flexible element, the buried bellows compensator boasts unique properties. When applying the wave-shaped compensator for centralized heating pipelines, it is crucial to strengthen control during pre-installation, installation, and acceptance. Before installation, a thorough inspection of the compensator's appearance is required, along with verification of the product quality certificate and careful reading of the installation manual. During installation, it is strictly forbidden to drill, heat, or hammer on the pressure cylinder, and efforts should be made to avoid deformation to prevent internal guidance from becoming stuck. After selecting the structure, the internal design (relative positions and assembly methods of components) should be based on the compensation requirements; if corrosion resistance is needed, a corrosion-resistant scheme for the bellows compensator should be established, including the design of non-metallic expansion joints, material and dimensions of metal components, and structural and material selection for dust and heat insulation layers at different temperature levels. In structural design, considering performance, the bellows compensator uses a double straight-sided guiding sleeve to prevent changes in the internal flow of the bellows compensator, thus preventing erosion of the guiding sleeve by gas. Sometimes, even a product that meets standard requirements may encounter issues in actual use. For example, the pre-axial displacement state of the internal pressure compensator may cause planar instability during pressure testing, the full displacement state of the large-diameter external pressure compensator may cause circumferential instability, and the full displacement state of the small-diameter double rod compensator or hinge compensator may cause column instability. Excessive deformation of the bellows not only affects stability but also creates favorable conditions for stress corrosion. The installation of universal bellows compensators at equipment进出口 with stringent force requirements can effectively reduce the force exerted on the equipment进出口. It improves the sealing performance of flange connections. Pipelines equipped with bellows compensators can effectively reduce the stress on flange connection bolts, enhancing sealing performance. Seismic and ground subsidence: When there is relative displacement between the container (or equipment) and the pipeline due to earthquakes or ground subsidence, the universal bellows compensator bends and deforms, releasing displacement stress and reducing the risk of secondary accidents caused by earthquakes or ground subsidence. The main issues with bellows compensators are the stability of the bellows and corrosion. By implementing measures such as reasonable design of non-metallic compensator waveform parameters and fatigue life, correct installation, and comprehensive pipeline stress analysis, the stability issue of the bellows can be resolved. For corrosion issues, solutions can be achieved in two ways: (1) Reasonable selection of bellows material and compensator structural design to block the corrosion source. (2) Strengthening the management of water accumulation in small chambers to fundamentally resolve the corrosion issue. The maintenance-free bellows compensator consists mainly of sleeves (core tubes), shells, and sealing materials. It is used to compensate for the axial expansion and any angular axial rotation of the pipeline. It has the characteristics of a small size and large compensation capacity, suitable for hot water, steam, and oil and fat media. Compensation for thermal expansion is achieved through the sliding movement of the sliding sleeve relative to the outer sleeve.