
Earthquakes are caused by vibrations resulting from the release of energy in the Earth's crust, which can impact and even destroy human life through seismic waves. Seismic waves can be categorized into three types: longitudinal (P-waves), transverse (S-waves), and surface (L-waves). Longitudinal waves are compressional waves that cause the ground to move up and down, with relatively low destructiveness. Transverse waves are shear waves that cause the ground to shake in all directions, with higher destructiveness. Surface waves are mixed waves generated when longitudinal and transverse waves meet at the surface, exhibiting strong destructiveness. While gravity brackets can resist and mitigate vertical seismic forces (i.e., P-waves), seismic-resistant brackets, with their unique inclined brace structure, greatly resist and mitigate horizontal seismic forces (i.e., S-waves).





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