A direct current machine (DC machine) is a rotating electric machine capable of converting direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy (as in a DC motor) or mechanical energy into direct current electrical energy (as in a DC generator). It is an electric machine that can interconvert direct current electrical energy and mechanical energy. When it operates as a motor, it is a DC motor, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy; when it operates as a generator, it is a DC generator, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

The direct current motor is equipped with a ring-shaped permanent magnet. The current passing through the coil on the rotor generates an ampere force. When the coil on the rotor is parallel to the magnetic field, the direction of the magnetic field it continues to rotate into will change. Consequently, the brushes at the end of the rotor alternate in contact with the commutator, thereby reversing the direction of current in the coil. The direction of the Lorentz force remains unchanged, allowing the motor to maintain a consistent rotational direction.

The working principle of a DC generator is to convert the alternating electromotive force induced in the armature winding into direct current electromotive force by the commutator's配合 with the brush's reversing action, so that it is output as DC electromotive force from the brush end.
The direction of the induced electromotive force (EMF) is determined according to the right-hand rule (with magnetic lines pointing toward the palm, the thumb pointing in the direction of conductor movement, the other four fingers indicate the direction of the induced EMF within the conductor).

The direction of conductor force is determined by the left-hand rule. This pair of electromagnetic forces forms a torque acting on the armature, known as electromagnetic torque in rotating motors. The direction of the torque is counterclockwise, attempting to rotate the armature in a counterclockwise direction. If this electromagnetic torque can overcome the resistive torque on the armature (such as that caused by friction and other load torques), the armature can start rotating counterclockwise.

Custom motor parameters, mounting methods, and interface output shaft dimensions available upon customer request.